Courses
LECTURE NOTES
For Health Science Students
General Pathology
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology
I. Learning objectives ........................................................................................... 1
II. The core aspects of diseases in pathology ....................................................... 2
III. Diagnostic methods used in pathology ............................................................. 3
IV. Causes of diseases ........................................................................................ 7
V. Course of diseases ......................................................................................... 9
VI. Outcomes & consequences of diseases ........................................................... 10
VII. Clinical & biologic death ................................................................................. 10
VIII. Exercises ...................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2: Cellular Reactions to Injury
I. Learning objectives ......................................................................................... 14
II. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 14
III. Types of cellular adaptation ............................................................................ 15
IV. Reversible cellular changes & accumulations ................................................. 16
V. Cell death ........................................................................................................ 18
VI. Pathologic calcification. .................................................................................... 22
VII. Exercises ......................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 3: Inflammation
I. Learning objectives ......................................................................................... 24
II. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 24
III. Acute inflammation .......................................................................................... 25
IV. Chemical mediators of acute inflammation ..................................................... 30
V. Morphology of acute inflammation .................................................................. 31
VI. Effects of inflammation .................................................................................... 33
VII. Course of acute inflammation ..................................................................... 34
VIII. Chronic inflammation .................................................................................... 35
IX. Systemic effects of inflammation ................................................................38
X. Exercises ....................................................................................................40
Chapter 4: Healing
I. Learning Objective .....................................................................................42
II. Definition of healing ...................................................................................42
III. Processes of healing . ..................................................................................42
IV. Molecular control of healing process ..........................................................48
V. Wound healing ............................................................................................49
VI. Factors that influence wound healing .........................................................51
VII. Complications of wound healing ................................................................54
VIII. Fracture healing .........................................................................................56
IX. Exercises ....................................................................................................59
Chapter 5: Hemodynamic Disorders
I. Learning objectives .......................................................................................61
II. Introduction ..................................................................................................61
III. Edema .........................................................................................................61
IV. Hyperemia & congestion ............................................................................68
V. Hemorrhage ................................................................................................70
VI. Hemostasis .................................................................................................71
VII. Thrombosis ................................................................................................71
III. Embolism ......................................................................................................... 78
IX. Infarction ............................................................................................................ 81
X. Shock ..........................................................................................................85
XI. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) ............................................89
XII. Exercises ..................................................................................................96
Chapter 6: Genetic Diseases
I. Learning objectives .....................................................................................98
II. Introduction ................................................................................................98
III. Mutation: The basis of genetic diseases .....................................................100
IV. Categories of genetic diseases .....................................................................104
V. Mendelian disorders ....................................................................................104
VI. Chromosomal disorders ...............................................................................120
VII. Multifactorial disorders ................................................................................135
VIII. Single gene disorders with nonclassic inheritance ....................................136
IX. Exercises .....................................................................................................137
Chapter 7: Immunopathology
I. Learning objectives ................................................................................139
II. Hypersensitivity Reactions ......................................................................139
III. Immunologic Tolerance ........................................................................146
IV. Autoimmune Diseases ............................................................................147
V. Immunodeficiency Diseases ....................................................................153
VI. Exercises ..................................................................................................163
Chapter 8: Selected Tropical Diseases
I. Learning objectives .....................................................................................165
II. Typhoid Fever .............................................................................................165
III. Acute Osteomyelitis ...................................................................................166
IV. Tuberculosis ..............................................................................................168
V. Leprosy ......................................................................................................173
VI. Syphillis .....................................................................................................174
VII. Malaria ....................................................................................................177
VIII. Leishmaniasis ..........................................................................................180
IX. Schisistosomiasis .......................................................................................181
X. Fungal infections (Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis) ..................183
XI. Viral infections ..........................................................................................186
XII. Exercises ..................................................................................................188
Chapter 9: Neoplasia
I. Learning objectives ..........................................................................190
II. Definition and nomenclature .............................................................190
III. Characteristics of Neoplasms ............................................................191
IV. Cancer Epidemiology ......................................................................196
V. Molecular Basis of Cancer (Carcinogenesis) ...................................198
VI. Clinical Features of Neoplasms ........................................................204
VII. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer ......................................................207
VIII. Exercises ........................................................................................211
Chapter 10: Metabolic Diseases
I. Learning objectives ................................................................................213
II. Introduction ...........................................................................................213
III. Diabetes Mellitus ..................................................................................214
IV. Gout . .....................................................................................................225
V. Exercises ...............................................................................................228
Chapter 11: Environmental Diseases
I. Learning objectives ................................................................................231
II. Introduction ...........................................................................................231
III. Air Pollution .........................................................................................231
IV. Industrial Exposures ............................................................................234
V. Tobacco Smoking .................................................................................238
VI.Chemical & Drug Injury ........................................................................239
VII. Physical Injuries .................................................................................244
VIII. Exercises ..........................................................................................250