Dr. SaMeH S. Ahmed

Associate Prof. of Environmental Engineering

Changes of specifi


Changes of specific weight

Unlike density, specific weight is not absolute. It depends upon the value of the gravitational acceleration, which varies with location. A significant influence upon the value of specific gravity is the temperature of the material. Pressure may also affect values, depending upon the bulk modulus of the material, but generally, at moderate pressures, has a less significant effect than the other factors. [2]

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Uses

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Fluid mechanics

In fluid mechanics, specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of a fluid. For this reason, units are expressed as force per unit volume (e.g., lb/ft3 or N/m3). Specific weight can be used as a characteristic property of a fluid. [2]

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Soil mechanics

Specific weight is used as a property of soil often used to solve earthwork problems.

In soil mechanics, specific weight may refer to:

  • Moist unit weight, which is the unit weight of a soil when void spaces of the soil contain both water and air.
gamma = frac{(1+w)G_sgamma_w}{1+e}

where

gamma is the moist unit weight of the material
gamma_w is the unit weight of water
w is the moisture content of the material
Gs is the specific gravity of the solid
e is the void ratio
  • Dry unit weight, which is the unit weight of a soil when all void spaces of the soil are completely filled with air, with no water.

The formula for dry unit weight is:

gamma_d = frac{G_sgamma_w}{1+e} = frac{gamma}{1+w}

where

gamma is the moist unit weight of the material
gamma_d is the dry unit weight of the material
gamma_w is the unit weight of water
w is the moisture content of the material
Gs is the specific gravity of the solid
e is the void ratio
  • Saturated unit weight, which is the unit weight of a soil when all void spaces of the soil are completely filled with water, with no air.

The formula for saturated unit weight is:

gamma_s = frac{(G_s+e)gamma_w}{1+e}

where

gamma_s is the saturated unit weight of the material
gamma_w is the unit weight of water
w is the moisture content of the material
Gs is the specific gravity of the solid
e is the void ratio[3]

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Mechanical engineering

Specific weight can be used in mechanical engineering to determine the weight of a structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation.

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Mining engineering is an engineering discipline that involves practice, theory, science, technology, and the application of extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment. Mining engineering also includes processing minerals for additional value.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental engineers are the technical professionals who identify and design solutions for    environmental problems. Environmental engineers provide safe drinking water, treat and properly dispose of wastes, maintain air quality, control water pollution, and remediate sites contaminated due to spills or improper disposal of hazardous substances. They monitor the quality of the air, water, and land. And, they develop new and improved means to protect the environment.

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Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
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